Acute Pain
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 27-32 , May 2005

Difficult pain assessment and lack of clinician knowledge are ongoing barriers to effective pain management in children with cognitive impairment

Received 30 June 2004 ,Revised 11 January 2005 ,Accepted 17 January 2005.

References 

  1. Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait A, Merkel S, Lauer A, Munro H, et al. Pain Management in children with and without cognitive impairment following spine fusion surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2001;11(4):453
  2. Feldt KS, Ryden MB, Miles S. Treatment of pain in cognitively impaired compared with cognitively intact older patients with hip-fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(9):1079–1085
  3. Forster MC, Pardiwala A, Calthorpe D. Analgesia requirements following hip fracture in the cognitively impaired. Injury. 2000;31(6):435–436
  4. Horgas AL, Tsai PF. Analgesic drug prescription and use in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Nurs Res. 1998;47(4):235–242
  5. Bell ML. Postoperative pain management for the cognitively impaired older adult. Semin Perioper Nurs. 1997;6(1):37–41
  6. Schechter NL. The undertreatment of pain in children: an overview. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36(4):781–794
  7. McCaffery M, Ferrell BR, Pasero C. Nurses’ personal opinions about patients’ pain and their effect on recorded assessments and titration of opioid doses. Pain Manage Nurs. 2000;1(3):79–87
  8. Margolius FR, Hudson KA, Michel Y. Beliefs and perceptions about children in pain: a survey. Pediatr Nurs. 1995;21(2):111–115
  9. Biersdorff KK. Incidence of significantly altered pain experience among individuals with developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 1994;98(5):619–631
  10. Gilbert-MacLeod CA, Craig KD, Rocha EM, Mathias MD. Everyday pain responses in children with and without developmental delays. J Pediatr Psychol. 2000;25(5):301–308
  11. Thrush DC. Congenital insensitivity to pain. A clinical, genetic and neurophysiological study of four children from the same family. Brain. 1973;96(2):369–386
  12. Stallard P, Williams L, Lenton S, Velleman R. Pain in cognitively impaired, non-communicating children. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85(6):460–462
  13. Ferrell BA, Ferrell BR, Rivera L. Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10(8):591–598
  14. Parmelee PA. Pain in cognitively impaired older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 1996;12(3):473–487
  15. Feldt KS, Warne MA, Ryden MB. Examining pain in aggressive cognitively impaired older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 1998;24(11):14–22
  16. Faries JE, Mills DS, Goldsmith KW, Phillips KD, Orr J. Systematic pain records and their impact on pain control. A pilot study. Cancer Nurs. 1991;14(6):306–313
  17. Agency for Health Care Policy and Human Services. Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; 1992.
  18. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JCAHO Pain Standards for 2001. In: Joint Commission Resources, Inc.; 2001.
  19. Kovach CR, Noonan PE, Griffie J, Muchka S, Weissman DE. Use of the assessment of discomfort in dementia protocol. Appl Nurs Res. 2001;14(4):193–200
  20. LaChapelle DL, Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD. Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities. Clin J Pain. 1999;15(1):13–23
  21. Wynne CF, Ling SM, Remsburg R. Comparison of pain assessment instruments in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Geriatr Nurs. 2000;21(1):20–23
  22. Shannon MM, Ryan MA, D’Agostino N, Brescia FJ. Assessment of pain in advanced cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10(4):274–278
  23. Manz BD, Mosier R, Nusser-Gerlach MA, Bergstrom N, Agrawal S. Pain assessment in the cognitively impaired and unimpaired elderly. Pain Manage Nurs. 2000;1(4):106–115
  24. Krulewitch H, London MR, Skakel VJ, Lundstedt GJ, Thomason H, Brummel-Smith K. Assessment of pain in cognitively impaired older adults: a comparison of pain assessment tools and their use by nonprofessional caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(12):1607–1611
  25. Chibnall JT, Tait RC. Pain assessment in cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults: a comparison of four scales. Pain. 2001;92(1–2):173–186
  26. Radbruch L, Sabatowski R, Loick G, Jonen-Thielemann I, Kasper M, Gondek B, et al. Cognitive impairment and its influence on pain and symptom assessment in a palliative care unit: development of a minimal documentation system. Palliat Med. 2000;14(4):266–276
  27. Fanurik D, Koh JL, Harrison RD, Conrad TM, Tomerlin C. Pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. An exploration of self-report skills. Clin Nurs Res. 1998;7(2):103–119discussion 120-4
  28. Parmelee PA, Smith B, Katz IR. Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(5):517–522
  29. Fries BE, Simon SE, Morris JN, Flodstrom C, Bookstein FL. Pain in US nursing homes: validating a pain scale for the minimum data set. Gerontologist. 2001;41(2):173–179
  30. Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The reliability and validity of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesth Analg. 2002;95(5):1224–1229
  31. Breau LM, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS. Validation of the non-communicating children's pain checklist-postoperative version. Anesthesiology. 2002;96(3):528–535
  32. Soetenga D. Assessment of the validity and reliability of the University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital pain scale for preverbal and nonverbal children. Pediatr Nurs. 1999;25(6):670–676
  33. Fanurik D, Koh JL, Schmitz ML, Harrison RD, Roberson PK, Killebrew P. Pain assessment and treatment in children with cognitive impairment: a survey of nurses’ and physicians’ beliefs. Clin J Pain. 1999;15(4):304–312

PII: S1366-0071(05)00003-3

doi: 10.1016/j.acpain.2005.01.002

Acute Pain
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 27-32 , May 2005

Article Tools